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對火星軌道變化問題的最後解釋 (第1/2頁)

作者君在作品相關中其實已經解釋過這個問題。

不過仍然有人質疑——“你說得太含糊了”,“火星軌道的變化比你想象要大得多!”

那好吧,既然作者君的簡單解釋不夠有力,那咱們就看看嚴肅的東西,反正這本書寫到現在,嚷嚷著本書BUG一大堆,用初高中物理在書中挑刺的人也不少。

以下是文章內容:

&n integrations and stability of planetary orbits in our&n

Abstract

We present tts of&n&nerical integrations of planetary&notions 109&nespans including all nine planets. A quick inspection of&nerical data&notion, at least in&nple&nical&nodel,&ns to be quite stable even &nespan. A closer look at towestfrequency oscillations using a lowpass filter sly diffusive c&notion, especially that of Mercury. The behaviour of the eccentricity of Mercury in our integrations is qualitatively&nilar to&n Jacques Laskar's secular perturbation theory&nax∼ 0.35 ∼± 4 Gyr. However, tar increases of eccentricity or inclination in any&nents of tanets, wed by still&n&nerical integrations. We&ned a couple of trial integrations&notions of tanets the duration of ± 5 × 1010 yr. Tt indicates that the&najor resonances in&n have&naintained the&nespan.

1 Introduction

1.1Definition&n

Tity of our&n hundred years,&n has&nany&nous&nathematicians tayed a central role&nent of nonlinear&nics and chaos theory. However, we do not yet have a definite answer to the question of&n is stable or not. Ty a result of the fact that the definition of tity’ is vague wation&n of&notion in&n. Actually it is not easy to give a clear, rirous and&neaningful definition of tity of our&n.

&nong&nany definitions of stability, l definition&nan 1993: actually this is not a definition of stability, but of instability. We define&n&ning unstable wose encounter&newhere in&n,&n a certain initial configuration&np;amp; Boss 1996;&np;amp; Tanikawa 1999.&n is defined as experiencing a close encounter when two bodies approach one another witarger Hill radius. Otherwise&n is defined as being stable. Henceforward we state tanetary&n&nically stable if no close encounter happens during&n, about ±5 Gyr. Incidentally, taced by one in which an occurrence of any orbital crossing between eitanets takes place. This is because we&n experience t crossing is very likely to lead to a close encounter in planetary and protoplanetary&ns&nbspYoshinaga,&np;amp; Makino 1999. Of course ty applied&ns wite orbital resonances&n.

1.2Previous studies&ns of this research

In addition to the vagueness of tity, tanets in our&n s&nical&nan&np;amp;&n 1988, 1992. The cause of this cy understood as being a result of resonance lapping&np;amp;&nan 1999; Lecar,&np;amp;&nan 2001. However, it rating &nble of planetary&ns including all nine planets for a period cing several 10 Gyr to ty understand&n evolution of planetary orbits, since&ns are characterized by their strong dependence on initial conditions.

&n that point of&nany&n&nerical integrations included only&nan&np;amp;&n 1988;&np;amp; Nakai 1996. T periods of tanets&nuconger than tanets that&nuclow&n for a given integration period. At present,&nerical integrations publiss are those of&np;amp; Lissauer&nbsp1998. Although&nain target was the effect&nainsequence&nass loss on tity of planetary orbits,&ned&nany integrations cing up to ∼1011 yr&notions of tanets. T&nents&nasses of planets are&ne as&n in&np;amp; Lissauer's paper, but they decrease tly in&nents. This is because they consider the effect&nainsequence&nass loss in ty, they found te of planetary orbits, w indicator of&nescale, is quite sensitive to the rate&nass decrease of the Sun. When&nass of tose to its present value,&nain stable 1010 yr, or peronger.&np;amp; Lissauer&ned&nilar&nents&notion of seven planets&nbspVenus to Neptune, which c a span of ∼109 yr.&nents on tanets are not&nprehensive, s t planets&nain stable during the integration&naintaining&nost regular oscillations.

On the other ytical secular perturbation theory&nbspLaskar 1988, Laskar finds targe and irregular variations can appear in tinations of t planets, especially of Mercury and Mars&nescale of several 109 yr&nbspLaskar 1996. Tts of Laskar's secular perturbation td&ned and investigated erical integrations.

&ninary results of&n&nerical integrations on all nine planetary orbits, cing a span of several 109 yr, and of trations cing a span of ± 5 × 1010 yr. T&ne for all integrations&nore t dedicated PCs and workstations. One of t conclusions of&n integrations is&n&notion&ns to be stas of tl&nentioned above, at least&nespan of ± 4 Gyr. Actually, in&nerical integrations&n was&nore stable than wl stability criterion: not only did no close encounter happen during tso all tanetary&nents have been confined in a narroion e and&nain,&notions are stochastic. Since the purpose of this paper is to exts of&n&nerical integrations, we&nple figures as evidence&n stability of&n&notion. For readers who&nore specific and deeper interests in&nerical results, we have prepared a e&nbspaccess&nents, towpass filtered results, variation of&nents and&nomentum deficit, and results of&nple&ne–frequency analysis on all of our integrations.

In Section 2 we briefly explain&nical&nodel,&nerical&net conditions used in our integrations. Section 3 is devoted to a description of tts of t integrations.&n stability of&n&notion is apparent botanetary positions and&nents. A roug errors is also given. Section 4 es on to a discussion of&n variation of planetary orbits using a lowpass filter and includes a discussion of&nomentum deficit. In Section 5, we present a set&nerical integrations for tanets that spans ± 5 × 1010 yr. In Section 6 we also discuss&n stability of&notion and its possible cause.

2 Description of t integrations

(本部分涉及比較複雜的積分計算,作者君就不貼上來了,貼上來了起點也不一定能成功顯示。)

&nerical&nethod

We utilize a secondorder&n–Holman&nplectic&nap&nain&netman 1991; Kinoshita,&np;amp; Nakai 1991 wit startup procedure to reduce te&n start’(Saha&np;amp;&naine 1992, 1994.

T integrations is 8 d tl integrations of tanets&nbspN±1,2,3, which is about 1/11 of t period of tanet&nbspMercury. As for&nination of stepsize, we partly follow t integration of all nine planets&nan&np;amp;&n&nbsp1988, 7.2 d and&np;amp;&naine&nbsp1994, 225/32 d. We rounded t part of the their stepsizes to&nake ttiple of 2 in order to reduce tation of roundoff error in tation&nan&ned&nerical integrations of tanetary orbits using&nap with a stepsize of 400 d, 1/10.83 of t period of Jupiter.&ns to be accurate enougy justifies&nethod&nining the stepsize. However, since the eccentricity of Jupiter&nbsp∼0.05&nucler than that of Mercury&nbsp∼0.2, we&ne care when&npare ty&ns of stepsizes.

In the integration of tanets&nbspF±, we fixed the stepsize at 400 d.

We adopt Gauss' f and g functions in&nap&netver for Kepler equations.&naximum iterations we set in&nethod is 15, but they never reached&naximum in any of our integrations.

T of the data output is 200 000 d&nbsp∼547 yr for tculations of all nine planets&nbspN±1,2,3, and about 8000 000 d&nbsp∼21 903 yr for the integration of tanets&nbspF±.

Alttering was done w integrations were in process, we applied a lowpass filter to t data after we eted all tculations. See Section 4.1&nore detail.

2.4&nation

2.4.1 Relative errors in total energy and&nomentum

According to one of tectic integrators, wly conservative quantities well&nbsptotal orbital energy and&nomentum,&n&nerical integrations&n to have&ned witl errors. Tative errors of total energy&nbsp∼10−9 and of total&nomentum&nbsp∼10−11 y constant throughout the integration period&nbspFig. 1. T startup procedure,&n start, would ative error in total energy by about one order&nagnitude&nore.

&nerical error of t&nomentum δA/A0 and t energy δE/E0 in&nerical integrationsN± 1,2,3, where δE and δA are tute c energy and total&nomentum, respectively, andE0andA0are t values. T unit is Gyr.

Note that different operating&ns,&nat libraries, and different t in&nerical errors, through the variations in roundoff error ing&nerical alrit of Fig. 1, nize&nerical error in t&nomentum, wd be rirously preserved&nachineε precision.

2.4.2 Error in planetary longitudes

Since&naps preserve total energy and total&nomentum of&nical&ns iny ree of their preservation&nay not be&neasure of t integrations, especially&neasure of t error of planets, i.e. tanetary longitudes.&nate t error in tanetary longitudes,&ned tlo procedures.&npared tt&nain&n integrations&ne test integrations, which&nuch shorter periods but her accuracy than&nain integrations. For this purpose,&ned&nuch&nore accurate integration with a stepsize of 0.125 d&nbsp1/64&nain integrations spanning 3 × 105 yr, starting wit conditions as in the N−1 integration. We consider that this test integration provides us witution of planetary orbital evolution. Next,&npare the test integration with&nain integration, N−1. For the period of 3 × 105 yr, we see a difference&nean&nalies of the Earth between the trations of ∼0.52°(in the case of the N−1 integration. Tated to tue ∼8700°, about 25 rotations of Earth after 5 Gyr, since tongitudes increases linearly&nap.&nilarly, tongitude error of Pluto can&nated as ∼12°. Tue for Pluto&nuct in&np;amp; Nakai&nbsp1996 where the difference&nated as ∼60°.

&nerical results – I. Glance at the raw data

In&n stability of planetary&notion&ne snaps data.&notion of planets indicates&n stability in all of&nerical integrations: no orbital crossings nor close encounters between any pair of planets took place.

3.1 General description of tity of planetary orbits

First, we briefly look at&n stability of planetary orbits. Our interest arly on t planets for&nescales&nuch shorter than tanets. As we can see&n tanar orbital configurations s positions of t planets differ little between t and final part of eac integration, w Gyr. Tid lines denoting tanets&nost within&n of dots even in t part of integrations&nbspb and&nbspd. This indicates that throughout the entire integration&nost regular variations of planetary&notion&nain nearly&ne as they are at present.

Vertical view of tanetary&n the z axis direction at t and final parts of the integrationsN±1. The axes units are au. Tane is set to tane of&n total&nomentum.(a T part ofN+1&nbsp t = 0 to 0.0547 × 10 9 yr.(b T part ofN+1&nbsp t = 4.9339 × 10 8 to 4.9886 × 10 9 yr.(c T part of N−1&nbspt= 0 to −0.0547 × 109 yr.(d T part ofN−1&nbsp t =−3.9180 × 10 9 to −3.9727 × 10 9 yr. In eac, a total of 23 684 points are plotted wit of about 2190 yr 5.47 × 107 yr . Solid lines in eac denote the present orbits of t planets&n DE245.

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